[. Iron-Containing Supplements and Drugs; Label Warning Statements and Unit-Dose Packaging Requirements; Removal of Regulations for Unit-Dose Packaging Requirements for Dietary Supplements and Drugs. It is one of the safest browsers in the world thanks to numerous improvements. In developing countries, iron deficiency often results from enteropathies and blood loss associated with gastrointestinal parasites [2]. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Because serum ferritin decreases during the first stage of iron depletion, it can identify low iron status before the onset of IDA [7,9,14]. Because iron deficiency is associated with poor diet, malabsorptive disorders, and blood loss, people with iron deficiency usually have other nutrient deficiencies [2]. People in the United States usually obtain adequate amounts of iron from their diets, but infants, young children, teenaged girls, pregnant women, and premenopausal women are at risk of obtaining insufficient amounts [28,33-35]. 2013 Jan 15;87(2):98-104. [, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Food sources include meat, fish, beans, spinach, and cereal. Toxicity is rare because the body regulates iron absorption and will absorb less if iron stores are adequate. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:638-46. Br J Haematol 2012;156:588-600. Accidental ingestion of iron supplements caused about a third of poisoning deaths among children reported in the United States between 1983 and 1991. Gut. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al., eds. In addition, since 1978, the Consumer Product Safety Commission has required manufacturers to package dietary supplements containing 250 mg or more elemental iron per container in child-resistant bottles or packaging to prevent accidental poisoning [97,98]. The most-active rebar contract on the Shanghai Futures Exchange climbed 1.5%, hot-rolled coil rose 1.5%, wire rod edged 0.9% higher, and stainless steel gained 0.4%. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007;19:513-20. Eat a variety of whole grains (like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and brown rice). The effect of ferrous sulfate and pH on L-dopa absorption. Nutr Clin Pract 2008;23:128-41. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:442S-6S. WebIron is a mineral that is naturally present in many foods, added to some food products, and available as a dietary supplement. The clinical implications of iron deficiency in people with chronic diseases are not clear. Ann Nutr Metab 2011;59:59-63. v.t. Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. Frequent blood donors have an increased risk of iron deficiency [5]. Some evidence indicates that in healthy people, iron supplements reduce the absorption of levodopa (found in Sinemet and Stalevo), used to treat Parkinsons disease and restless leg syndrome, possibly through chelation [101-103]. 2017;96:e7550. WebIron Age, final technological and cultural stage in the Stone Bronze Iron Age sequence. 11th ed. Iron is available in supplement form. Iron and the anaemia of chronic disease: a review and strategic recommendations. Manoguerra AS, Erdman AR, Booze LL, Christianson G, Wax PM, Scharman EJ, et al. WebIron is a major component of hemoglobin, a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body. Iron can interact with certain medications, and some medications can have an adverse effect on iron levels. In a large bowl, combine cooked beans or lentils with diced fresh tomatoes, raw baby spinach, pumpkin seeds or cashews, and raisins or dried chopped apricots. [, Cable RG, Glynn SA, Kiss JE, Mast AE, Steele WR, Murphy EL, et al. [, Powers JM, Buchanan GR. Iron helps red blood cells carry oxygen through the body and supports a childs ability to learn. The WHO therefore recommends 6-month supplementation cycles as follows: children aged 24 to 59 months should receive 25 mg iron and those aged 5 to 12 years should receive 45 mg every week for 3 months, followed by 3 months of no supplementation [75]. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. b. : a heated metal tool used for branding. In the United States, Canada, and many other countries, wheat and other flours are fortified with iron [21,22]. An old-fashioned rule we can no longer put up with. Several food sources of iron are listed in Table 2. 14. strong; robust; healthy. 2017 Dec;106(Suppl 6):1547S-54S. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Bitzer J, Heikinheimo O, Nelson AL, Calaf-Alsina J, Fraser IS. As a result of a court decision, the FDA removed its single-dose packaging requirement for iron supplements in 2003 [95]. In a study of 2,425 blood donors, men who had given at least three and women who had given at least two whole-blood donations in the previous year were more than five times as likely to have depleted iron stores as first-time donors [53]. Bryce K, Hawthorne M, Ewing I. If left untreated, iron can build up in certain organs so that there is a higher risk of developing conditions like liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, or heart disease. Iron is a major component of hemoglobin, a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body. Any confusion with iron supplement types and amounts can be resolved by asking your doctor to specify both the elemental amount and the chemical compound amount. About 1 in 10 Whites carry the most common HFE mutation (C282Y), but only 4.4 Whites per 1,000 are homozygous for the mutation and have hemochromatosis [100]. Iron deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal and infant mortality, premature birth, and low birthweight [44]. Approximately 14% to 18% of Americans use a supplement containing iron [28,29]. Women with menorrhagia lose significantly more iron per menstrual cycle on average than women with normal menstrual bleeding [49]. The average daily iron intake from foods is 11.513.7 mg/day in children aged 211 years, 15.1 mg/day in children and teens aged 1219 years, and 16.318.2 mg/day in men and 12.613.5 mg/day in women older than 19 [28]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. 1. : a heavy magnetic silver-white metallic element that quickly rusts in moist air, occurs in meteorites and rocks, and is widely used see element. [, Parikh A, Natarajan S, Lipsitz SR, Katz SD. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. The figure is believed to be based upon the drunken piper who passed out on the streets after a night drinking during the time of the plaques in Nuremburg. At the same time, many manufacturers voluntarily replaced the sugar coating on iron tablets with film coatings. The main causes of iron deficiency in people with cancer are anemia of chronic disease (discussed in the Iron and Health section below) and chemotherapy-induced anemia. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:1545-53. How many can you get right? Iron from food comes in two forms: heme and non-heme. Case reports, some involving doses of 130 mg iron, suggest that some people develop even more serious gastrointestinal effects, including gastritis and gastric lesions (along with iron deposits in the gastric mucosa in some cases) [90-93]. of, containing, or made of iron. Iron is also part of myoglobin, a protein that carries and stores oxygen specifically in muscle tissues. [, Blanck HM, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Reyes M. Iron supplement use and iron status among US adults: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. [, Lynch SR. An iron deficiency is seen most commonly in children, women who are menstruating or pregnant, and those eating a diet lacking in iron. Iron is important for healthy brain development and growth in children, and for the normal production and function of various cells and hormones. The interaction of orally administered iron with levodopa and methyldopa therapy. WebIron | Fe (Element) - PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for 2019 Jun;33(3):393-408. Some cereals and multivitamin/mineral supplements are fortified with 100% of the RDA for women for iron (18 mg). Stir ingredients well and allow to sit for at least 15 minutes to incorporate the flavors. Wessling-Resnick M. Iron. Br J Haematol 2011;154:289-300. a. plural : handcuffs or chains used to bind or hinder movement. Pediatrics 2015;136:746-52. All types of supplemental iron help to increase red blood cell production but vary in cost and amounts of elemental iron. Because proton pump inhibitors, such as lansoprazole (Prevacid) and omeprazole (Prilosec), reduce the acidity of stomach contents, they can reduce iron absorption [3]. a. plural : handcuffs or chains used to bind or hinder movement. Create healthy, balanced meals using this visual guide as a blueprint. [, Rutzke CJ, Glahn RP, Rutzke MA, Welch RM, Langhans RW, Albright LD, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:1312-20. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:599-606. Fortunately, elemental iron is listed in the Supplement Facts panel, so consumers do not need to calculate the amount of iron supplied by various forms of iron supplements. Low intakes also increase her infants risk of low birthweight, premature birth, low iron stores, and impaired cognitive and behavioral development. Another Cochrane review of 8 trials in 3,748 children younger than 2 in low-income countries showed that home fortification of semi-solid foods with micronutrient powders containing 12.5 mg to 30 mg elemental iron as ferrous fumarate and 4 to 14 other micronutrients for 2 to 12 months reduced rates of anemia by 31% and of iron deficiency by 51% compared with no intervention or placebo but had no effect on any growth measurements [72]. [, Ajmera AV, Shastri GS, Gajera MJ, Judge TA. Le CH. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42:502-4. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. In infants and children, IDA can result in psychomotor and cognitive abnormalities that, without treatment, can lead to learning difficulties [2,43]. [, Campbell RR, Hasinoff B, Chernenko G, Barrowman J, Campbell NR. [, Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB, Stalts H, Rao B, Wong NC. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 19932005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia, Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control, Screening for Iron Deficiency AnemiaIncluding Iron Supplementation for Children and Pregnant Women: Recommendation Statementexternal. Vitamin C and heme iron taken at the same meal can improve the absorption of non-heme iron. Association of mild anemia with hospitalization and mortality in the elderly: the Health and Anemia population-based study. [, Black MM, Quigg AM, Hurley KM, Pepper MR. Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential. 2019;68:2141-78. Transferrin is the main protein in blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. Bioavailability of iron from spinach using an in vitro/human Caco-2 cell bioassay model. Medicine (Baltimore). Unlike other inhibitors of iron absorption, calcium might reduce the bioavailability of both nonheme and heme iron. Iron depletion and deficiency progresses through several stages [8-10]: In 2002, the WHO characterized IDA as one of the 10 leading risk factors for disease around the world [42]. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen (32.1% and 30.1%, respectively), forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. 16. to smooth or press with a heated iron, as clothes or linens. Evaluation of epoetin supplemented with oral iron in patients with solid malignancies and chronic anemia not receiving anticancer treatment. Treatment for AOCD focuses on treating the inflammatory condition. A Cochrane review of 26 studies in 2,726 preterm and low-birthweight infants found that enteral iron supplementation (at least 1 mg/kg/day) reduces the risk of iron deficiency, but the long-term effects of supplementation on neurodevelopmental outcomes and growth is not clear [71]. JAMA 2015;313:575-83. [, Klip IT, Comin-Colet J, Voors AA, Ponikowski P, Enjuanes C, Banasiak W, et al. All of these measures would decrease with IDA. [, World Health Organization. In addition, mean birthweight was 31 g higher for infants whose mothers took daily iron supplements during pregnancy compared with the infants of mothers who did not take iron. In: Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA, eds. Ann Intern Med. [, Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, van Wijngaarden J, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1507-23. [. Adults with normal intestinal function have very little risk of iron overload from dietary sources of iron [2]. Typically, a doctor screens for anemia by first checking a complete blood count (including hemoglobin, hematocrit, and other factors that measure red blood cell volume and size). If that happens, add this step to your cleaning routine: Before going in with the soapy water, sprinkle on a good amount of kosher salt (2 to 3 Tbsp. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011;27:978-85. Clin Nephrol 2011;75:472-9. For younger ages, the UL is 40 mg. Meats, poultry, and seafood are richest in heme iron. There is almost no need to supplement iron if you are not iron deficient or anemic. Iron is one of the most important minerals your body needs to remain healthy. Iron deficiency in community-dwelling US adults with self-reported heart failure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III: prevalence and associations with anemia and inflammation. [, Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. A serum ferritin concentration lower than 30 mcg/L suggests iron deficiency, and a value lower than 10 mcg/L suggests IDA [15]. Although iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, deficiencies of other micronutrients (such as folate and vitamin B12) and other factors (such as chronic infection and inflammation) can cause different forms of anemia or contribute to their severity. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their iron status with their health care providers. Iron absorption in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated with long-term gastric acid antisecretory therapy. Adjusting plasma ferritin concentrations to remove the effects of subclinical inflammation in the assessment of iron deficiency: a meta-analysis. Gastric acid plays an important role in the absorption of nonheme iron from the diet. Iron deficiency in blood donors: analysis of enrollment data from the REDS-II Donor Iron Status Evaluation (RISE) study. J Nutr 2011;141:261-6. Geneva; 2011. In addition, IDA is associated with higher lead concentrations in the blood (although the cause of this is not fully understood), which can increase the risk of neurotoxicity [20]. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc : a Report of the Panel on Micronutrients, Report: Priorities in the Assessment of Vitamin A and Iron Status in Populations, Panama City, Panama, 15-17 September 2010, 20152020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In fact, some traders are using these events as a "buy the dip" opportunity, said Atilla Widnell, managing director of Navigate Commodities. The use of iron supplementswhether oral, intravenous, or parenteralin this setting is controversial because they might increase the risk of infection and cardiovascular events and could cause tissue damage [79]. Different types. If the inflammation or condition improves, the anemia will usually decrease as well. However, serum ferritin is subject to influence by inflammation (due, for example, to infectious disease), which elevates serum ferritin concentrations [16]. [, Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, Allard S, Strong J, Oppenheimer C. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Copyright 2023 The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard T.H. The effects of organic acids, phytates and polyphenols on the absorption of iron from vegetables. Fourteen words that helped define the year. Using a principle called reverse rusting, the cells breathe in air, which transforms the iron into iron oxide (aka rust) and produces energy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;3:CD005095. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:731-7. J Nutr 1986;116:927-35. Haematologica 2009;94:22-8. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. Updated: [3]. Food insecurity is associated with iron deficiency anemia in US adolescents. Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that It is possible to obtain enough iron in a vegetarian/vegan diet with careful planning. The condition is much less common in other ethnic groups. [, Siu AL, on behalf of the US Preventive Services Task Force. Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. The federal government's 20202025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2015;70:115-30. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Normal hematocrit values are approximately 41% to 50% in males and 36% to 44% in females [18]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately half of the 1.62 billion cases of anemia worldwide are due to iron deficiency [41]. Iron deficiency is not uncommon in the United States, especially among young children, women of reproductive age, and pregnant women. [, Taylor CL, Brannon PM. In addition to ascorbic acid, meat, poultry, and seafood can enhance nonheme iron absorption, whereas phytate (present in grains and beans) and certain polyphenols in some non-animal foods (such as cereals and legumes) have the opposite effect [4]. [, Whittaker P, Tufaro PR, Rader JI. 11. resembling iron in firmness, strength, color, etc. Screen for heightened risk individual and entities globally to help uncover hidden risks in business relationships and human networks. Iron is a mineral that the body needs for growth and development. Coronado Global Resources (CRN.AX), which has not typically sold Australian coking coal to China, has received enquiries for long-term supply as Beijing lifts its unofficial ban on coal imports from Australia, its chief executive said on Wednesday. Iron-dependent erythropoiesis in women with excessive menstrual blood losses and women with normal menses. In the United States, the labels for levodopa warn that iron-containing dietary supplements might reduce the amount of levodopa available to the body and, thus, diminish its clinical effectiveness [104,105]. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. A recent rumor claims Electronic Arts' Iron Man game could be built on Unreal Engine 5. Iron is an important mineral that helps maintain healthy blood. Elemental iron is the more important number because this is the amount available for the body to absorb. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. An analysis of 19992006 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that 18% of pregnant women in the United States had iron deficiency [38]. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:209-23. Food and Nutrition Board. WebIron ( / an /) is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. Benefit of concomitant gastrointestinal and gynaecological evaluation in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anaemia. Iron pill-induced gastritis. Am J Ther 2012;19:185-9. How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe Editor Emily Brewster clarifies the difference. However, a Cochrane review of 33 trials in 13,114 children showed that intermittent supplementation does not appear to have this effect [77]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Non-heme iron is found in plant foods like whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and leafy greens. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2010;80:293-9. FDA requires food labels to list iron content. 12. stern; harsh; cruel. It is also more expensive than ferrous sulfate. Avoid trans fat. IDA: Iron stores are exhausted; hematocrit and levels of hemoglobin decline; and the resulting microcytic, hypochromic anemia is characterized by small red blood cells with low hemoglobin concentrations. The average daily iron intake from foods and supplements is 13.715.1 mg/day in children aged 211 years, 16.3 mg/day in children and teens aged 1219 years, and 19.320.5 mg/day in men and 17.018.9 mg/day in women older than 19. Try this easy dish that can boost iron levels by combining foods rich in non-heme iron and vitamin C: The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice. A few examples are provided below. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. [. [, Weiss G, Goodnough LT. This is because heme iron from meat is more bioavailable than nonheme iron from plant-based foods, and meat, poultry, and seafood increase the absorption of nonheme iron [5]. The DV for iron is 18 mg for adults and children age 4 years and older [26]. UL: The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause harmful effects on health. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. When each letter can be seen but not heard. Certain inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and hematologic malignancies) can cause anemia of chronic disease, also known as anemia of inflammation [2,78]. Even mild anemia of chronic disease is associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality in elderly people [81]. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans advises that women who are pregnant take an iron supplement when recommended by an obstetrician or other health-care provider [19]. Often, hemoglobin concentrations are combined with serum ferritin measurements to identify IDA [7]. Heme is found only in animal flesh like meat, poultry, and seafood. Iron supplements are used to treat iron deficiency and IDA under medical supervision. You can also ask a store pharmacist for assistance in interpreting a doctors prescription or to recommend an appropriate amount if you do not have a prescription. During 2023, crude steel production will continue to be affected by the Chinese central government's determination to ensure that steel output remains flat or below the previous year's total, according to Mysteel consultancy. Without enough iron, there arent enough red blood cells to transport oxygen, which leads to fatigue. Introduction to workshop on iron screening and supplementation in iron-replete pregnant women and young children. Suboptimal response to ferrous sulfate in iron-deficient patients taking omeprazole. b. : a heated metal tool used for branding. Med Clin North Am. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. [, Chang TP, Rangan C. Iron poisoning: a literature-based review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Frequently used forms of iron in supplements include ferrous and ferric iron salts, such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, ferric citrate, and ferric sulfate [3,27]. Screening for hereditary hemochromatosis: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Unusual gastric lesion in an iron-deficient patient. [, Lynch S, Pfeiffer CM, Georgieff MK, Brittenham G, Fairweather-Tait S, Hurrell RF, et al. Some plant-based foods that are good sources of iron, such as spinach, have low iron bioavailability because they contain iron-absorption inhibitors, such as polyphenols [23,24]. Dietary sources of nonheme iron include nuts, beans, vegetables, and fortified grain products. Between 1983 and 2000, at least 43 U.S. children died from ingesting supplements containing high doses of iron (36443 mg iron/kg body weight) [27]. If left untreated, iron deficiency can progress to anemia. Chan School of Public Health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/, Academic Departments, Divisions and Centers, Pica: cravings for dirt, clay, ice, or other non-food items. Between 1998 and 2002, only one child death due to ingesting an iron-containing tablet was reported [27]. However, ferrous gluconate contains less elemental iron than ferrous sulfate, so a greater dosage may be needed to correct a deficiency. In: Principles of Nutritional Assessment. WebWhat is iron and what does it do? Iron deficiency anemia. China's property sector fell 5.1% in 2022 from a year earlier, value-added data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) showed on Wednesday, heaping more pressure on policymakers to revive the sluggish sector in 2023. It may be noted that menopause occurs later for some women, so they should continue to follow the RDA for younger women until menopause is confirmed. Hurrell R, Egli I. Individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis, which predisposes them to absorb excessive amounts of dietary iron, have an increased risk of iron overload [39]. 95: anemia in pregnancy. Drakesmith H, Prentice AM. Screening for iron deficiency anemia in young children: USPSTF recommendation statement. Heme iron has higher bioavailability than nonheme iron, and other dietary components have less effect on the bioavailability of heme than nonheme iron [3,4]. These effects can include liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, heart disease, and impaired pancreatic function. The WHO recommends providing these supplements in malaria-endemic areas in conjunction with measures to prevent, diagnose, and treat malaria. [, Riva E, Tettamanti M, Mosconi P, Apolone G, Gandini F, Nobili A, et al. [, Eicher-Miller HA, Mason AC, Weaver CM, McCabe GP, Boushey CJ. ACG Case Rep J. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles. Without treatment by periodic chelation or phlebotomy, people with hereditary hemochromatosis typically develop signs of iron toxicity by their 30s [3]. Iron. 2020;13:732-5. iron. The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate intakes of iron. The RDAs for vegetarians are 1.8 times higher than for people who eat meat.
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