A census in 2002 counted 14.5 million while Russian Muslim leaders claim there are 23 million. There are also an additional 3 million to 4 million migrants from former Soviet states. Immigrants and migrant workers from Central Asia, which experts estimate at six to seven million, are mostly Muslim. The post-communist union has formed a political party, the Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement, which acts in close coordination with Muslim clergy to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims and other minorities. Boulder, Colorado: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117145. [36] Denis Davidov mentioned the arrows and bows wielded by the Bashkirs. "In Israel, the Christian number is stable because there is freedom of religion," Pastor Petra Heldt, a leading Christian scholar who has lived in Israel 40 years, told Fox News Digital. In the Soviet-era, one Tatar told National Geographic, "I only heard the Koran read at funerals. According to a US State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. There is also a high concentration of followers of Islam in the regions where Islamic states were located before the formation of a single Russian state; today, these regions are Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the republics of the North Caucasus, the mufti said. Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. [5], Recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of Russian historical heritage, and is subsidized by the Russian government. By 2022 approx 20-21 crores or 15% of the population are Muslims In India. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. According to US Department of State in 2017, Muslims in Russia numbered 14 million or roughly 10% of the total population. He said the number of Muslims was also mentioned in the population census. (922). [4] This compares with a world population growth rate of 1.12% per year [5], and according to the World Christian Encyclopaedia, between 1990 and 2000, Islam received around 865,558 converts . [12] In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. In a recent interview, Gaynetdin has told Anadolu. None of the Medium-Growth Muslim population countries will have a majority of Muslim population in the next 200 years, the most will be more than 25 per cent of the population in Italy (in 2220) and Switzerland (in 2200). In his 1985 analysis Mystics and Commissars, S. Enders Wimbush wrote: Members of Sufi brotherhoods were hunted as criminalsThey were accused of immutable hostility towards the Soviet regime or economic sabotage, banditsim, terrorism, and armed rebellion.. They incite the crowd. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. In England there are currently 2,660,116 muslims which equates to 5.02% of the population and in the US, it's 3.45million (1.1%). Wahhabis have been accused of stirring up trouble in Dagestan and being behind bloody clashes between rival Muslim groups there. After his death, his successor, Dokka Umarov, declared continuing jihad to establish an Islamic fundamentalist Caucasus Emirate in the North Caucasus and beyond. However, the Chechen government's grip on Chechnya was weak, especially outside the ruined capital Grozny. [27] Muslim Turkics and Buddhist Kalmyks served as Cossacks. What is it like to be a Muslim in Russia? The post-Communist union formed a political party, the Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement, which acts in close coordination with Muslim imams to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims. [106] An additional two or three years of schooling are required for the secondary-level certificate, and some seven-eighths of Russians continue their education past this level. [39][40], Since the collapse of the USSR, most immigrants have come from Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, from poor areas of China, and from Vietnam and Laos[41], Temporary migrant workers in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia (mostly from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan), South Caucasus (mostly from Armenia and Azerbaijan), East Asia (mostly from poor areas of China, from Vietnam and Laos). It doesnt just burn me up, it drives me crazy. One migrant from the south told Newsweek, "When the police see our dark skin, they stop us and fine us for not having a residence permit. Many of the religious leaders were poorly trained and seemed more interested in politics than religion. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. ", People from the Caucasus are shunned by landlords and milked for extra high bribes by authorities and officials. Many of the indigenous Russian Muslims are Tatars and Bashkirs of the Volga region and Chechens and Ingush in the Caucasus. [64], In 1991, Chechnya declared independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russia will continue to have the largest Muslim population (in absolute numbers) in Europe in 2030. The rector of the madrasah Ilyas hazrat Ziganshin and the first deputy head of the Executive Committee of the World Congress of the Tatars Mars Tukaev also took part in the meeting. As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year, crude migration is thus an extrapolation. Experts agree that economic class and education levels, particularly of the mother, are the biggest determinants of fertility and hence population growth. On the same day an 18-year-old Chechen was stabbed to death by skinheads outside the Kremlin. [22] Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly lite Russian military institutions. Followers of our Prophet Muhammad came to Russia 22 years after he left earthly life.. In colonial and post-colonial times, dawah has been dramatically affected by the strength of the Muslims and various political and sectarian issues lingering in almost every . After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Islam experienced revival in southern Russia and the Northern Caucasus. [117] Other major urban areas are Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Chelyabinsk. 3 Historical Muslim population 4 See also 5 References By region [ edit] World [ edit] The six fastest-growing religions in the world are estimated to be Islam (1.84%), the Bah Faith (1.70%), Sikhism (1.62%), Jainism (1.57%), Hinduism (1.52%), and Christianity (1.38%), with high birth rates being cited as the major reason. In total, Muslims will make up about 26 percent of the world's population, an increase of about 3 percent from today's level. Hate crimes and attacks are directed at Muslims. The Tatars had tried to rally Muslim groups in the Soviet Union against Moscow with little success. Sudan (39,585,777) Even though the nations on the list above have the most Muslims, several smaller countries have a greater concentration of Muslims than the larger ones. An interim Russian-controlled administration was imposed in Chechnya in 2000, headed by the ex-Mufti and, therefore, religious leader of Sufism, Akhmad Kadyrov. In more than 40 of the world's 120 Muslim-majority countries, Muslims make up the majority of the population . The Russo-Circassian War ended with the signing of loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on 2 June [O.S. Living in the country today are more than 20 million Muslims, including members of more than 30 indigenous Russian nations," according to Talib Saidbaev, advisor to the Head Mufti of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia. by Daniel Pipes. The Tatars of the Khanate of Kazan inherited the population of believers from that state. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[22]. Salman Sadaev, who headed the Chechen People's Diaspora Foundation, told the Russian newspaper Kommersant in 2012 that there were perhaps 3,000-5,000 Chechens total in all of Ukraine. [65] Aslan Maskhadov's government was unable to rebuild the region or to prevent a number of warlords from taking effective control. Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census,[1] or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol,[a] up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census. [20][21] However, Russian policy shifted toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness. Those that remained loyal to Russia were settled into the lowlands, on the left bank of the Kuban' River. [92][93] As of a different sociological surveys on religious adherence; between 41% to over 80% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Muslim Spiritual Authority is in the Caucasus, which acts as the coordination centre of Muslims in the North Caucasus. By 2030, the world's total Muslim population is expected to increase by 35 percent over its 2010 level, to 2.2 billion people. km (6,323,482 sq. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the third-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62%. ", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", ". . . "When I was a kid, everything about religion was kept quiet" one Dagestan resident told the Los Angeles Times, "You'd say things like, 'have you washed yet today?' RUSSIA AND EURASIA Today "it is openly said that Russiais not only an Orthodox, but also a Muslim country. Only a handful of Muslim were allowed to make the haj. In 1665 Tatars were allowed to buy Polish and Lithuanian slaves from the Russians. Elghobashy made history when she became the first hijabi athlete to . Hall & Company, Boston); New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, U.S. government, Comptons Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications. United Ummah: We do not divide Muslims into Shias and Sunnis, for us they are all members of the United Muslim Ummah [community], Gaynetdin said. We are concerned about the safety of members of all religious communities in Ukraine, particularly the safety of those living in areas under Russia's control or occupation, including members of the independent Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Crimean Tatar Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses, Evangelicals, and Baptists. In Islam, each country has its own spiritual institutionalisation.. The police and the FSB carried out mass arrests and used harsh interrogation techniques. Various Russian, Caucasus, and Western historians agree on the figure of c. 500,000 inhabitants of the highland Caucasus being deported by Russia in the 1860s. That figure is expected to rise to 6.2 million (1.7 percent) in 2030, predicted the Pew Research . Speaking at a conference in Moscow, Sheikh Ravil Gainutdin said the number of Muslims in Russia has been growing with every passing day. Among them are two magazines in Russian, Ekho Kavkaza and Islamskiy vestnik , and the Russian-language newspaper Islamskiye novosti , which is published in Makhachkala, Dagestan. The changing demographics mean that dozens of new mosques will need to be built in Russias largest cities, Gainutdin, the Govorit Moskva radio station when asked if the, Russia Will Be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts. The Muslims in Tatarstan are majorly ethnic Muslims, who are direct descendants of the earliest Muslims in Russia, called the Volga Bulgars. ", "Putin Points Muslim Rage at Cold War Foes", "Chechnya declares public holiday to support huge anti-Charlie Hebdo rally", "Because of Syria, Moscow Focusing on Sunni-Shiite Divide Within Russia", "Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi - IslamDag.info", "Checkmate fighter puts Russia ahead of the game", " - " " ", http://www.allrussia.ru/pressreview/default.asp?id=37870&rub_id=19&VYear=2000&VMonth=4&VDay=18, "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism 6. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. [9] It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 per square mile). Text Sources: Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China, edited by Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond (C.K. added that spirituality was still the need of the population in light of the increasing cost of living and the Ukraine-Russia conflict. Again, no scope for anti-minority or majority. [110] The oldest and largest universities in Russia are Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg State University. [51] In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving inter-ethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering misconception of Islam. In the census of 2011, there were 2.7 million Muslims (4.9% of the population). [20], Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation [21], The total fertility rate is the number of children born to each woman. He also informed the students about the events that took place in the regions on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgaria. Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Russian Orthodoxy. Kazan has a large Muslim population (probably the second after Moscow urban group of the Muslims and the biggest indigenous group in Russia) and is home to the Russian Islamic University in Kazan, Tatarstan. There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[105] first-degree courses usually take five years. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million in 2016;[18] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. Its too late, he told the Govorit Moskva radio station when asked if the demographic trend could be reversed. [44] Muslims were exempt from military conscription during World War I. There are more than two billion Muslims worldwide, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, exceeded only by Christianity. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551574. The period from the Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible to the ascension of Catherine the Great in 1762 featured systematic Russian repression of Muslims through policies of exclusion and discrimination - as well as the destruction of Muslim culture by the elimination of outward manifestations of Islam such as mosques. The Rosstat statistics agency said Russia's population increased 1.4 . Islam has always been the second biggest religion in Russia, but it had never been as visible in Moscow as it is now. [116] Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital, is the second-largest city, with a population of roughly 5.4 million inhabitants. Published by Statista Research Department , Dec 14, 2022 The size of the Russian population was estimated to have decreased by approximately 693 thousand between 2021 and 2022. [18], Demographic statistics according to the latest Rosstat vital statistics[19] and the World Population Review in 2019. Anti-Muslim feelings were stoked by the war in Chechnya and terrorist attacks by Chechen fighters in the 1990s and early 2000s. The United Kingdom has seen rapid growth in the Muslim population, according to a 10-yearly census carried out in 2021. [4][5] However, the populations of two federal subjects with Islamic majorities were not surveyed due to social unrest, which together had a population of nearly 2 million, namely Chechnya and Ingushetia,[6] thus the total number of Muslims may be slightly larger. Later that year, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan withdrew recognition from the muftiate for European Russia and Siberia and created their own muftiate. Although Islam is a minority religion in Russia, Russia has the largest Muslim population in Europe. The relationship between the government and radicals deteriorated. And the first Adhan, call to worship, in Russia, was made on the lands of Dagestan, the mufti said. The new amendments also ban giving away Russian territory, a possible reference to Crimea. [14] The first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, the Dagestani people (region of Derbent), converted after the Arab conquest of the region in the 8th century. [106] Its pre-school education system is highly developed and optional,[109] some four-fifths of children aged 3 to 6 attend day nurseries or kindergartens. Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census, or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol, up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census. 35. [31], Bashkirs and Kalmyks in the Imperial Russian Army fought against Napoleon's Grande Arme during the French invasion of Russia. In the 2021 Census, roughly 71.7% of the population were ethnic Russians, 16.7% of the population were ethnic minorities and 11.6% did not state an ethnicity. Immigrants and migrant workers from Central Asia, which experts estimate at six to seven million, are mostly Muslim. Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. E.Andreev, L.Darski, T. Kharkova "Histoire dmographique de la Russie. Within each district, each block or panchayat or whatever is the lowest administrative unit gets it in proportion to their population. Government fears were fueled by a 1992 conference held in Saratov by the Tajikistan-based Islamic Renaissance Party. Islam was repressed and made Communist-friendly in the Soviet era. While Muslims in Asia have reached more than two-thirds of the world's Muslim population living on this continent. Also, in the middle of the Volga Region reside populations of Tatars and Bashkirs, the vast majority of whom are Muslims. Muslims are followers of the religion Islam, who believe in and live by the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. In Moscow, there is the Council of Muftis of Russia. ", "Traffic jams and desperation at the border as Russians flee Putin's 'partial mobilization', "Forced to fight your own people: How Russia is weaponizing passports", "Human Rights in the Occupied Territories of Georgia", "Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi", "Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation", United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, "Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained", "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, "Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country", "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) Russian Federation", "Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? [49], Russia has encouraged or even forced people in occupied or annexed regions to become Russian citizens, a procedure known as passportization. - . [12] Moscow, the capital and largest city, has a population estimated at 12.4 million residents within the city limits,[113] while over 17 million residents in the urban area,[114] and over 20 million residents in the metropolitan area. *. [53][54][55][56], A chain e-mail spread a hoax speech attributed to Putin which called for tough assimilation policies on immigrants, no evidence of any such speech can be found in Russian media or Duma archives. [106] Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. The Muslim population in the United States is projected to more than double by 2030, according to a new Pew Forum report. [94][95][96] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Catholicism (approx. There are over 5,000 registered Muslim communities in Russia. Islam in the Soviet era was fairly secularized. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 per square mile). All numbers for the Russian Federation in this section do not include the Ukrainian regions of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk and Luhansk, which Russia annexed in September 2022 and which are currently partly under Russian military control. [34] They were in a non-standard capacity in the military. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Shireen Tahmasseb Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili. Gaynetdin has told Anadolu news agency that t. Sheikh Gaynetdin said most Muslims in the country live in the Moscow region and other major metropolitan areas such as St Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. A census in 2002 counted 14.5 million while Russian Muslim leaders claim there are 23 million. During this time, Russia experienced low birth rates and abnormally high death rates. Johnny B says Nov 6, 2021 at 11:13 am "Blacklock's Reporter says the Muslim population as a portion of the entire country has more than tripled since 1996 but remains outnumbered 9 to 1 by Catholics." How many Muslims are there in each European country? About 10% or more than two million are Shia Muslims. Russias Muslim-majority regions, including republics in the North Caucasus and the republic of Tatarstan, are known to have the highest birth rates in the country, similar trends worldwide. The Muslim community in Russia continues to grow, having reached 25 million, according to the grand mufti of Russia, Sheikh Rawil Gaynetdin. More than 90% of Muslims in Russia adhere to the Sunni Islam. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to Mecca increased sharply after the embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1991. Last week, Russia sentenced five Crimean Tatars to 13 years, and one Crimean Tatar . Beat the Muslims! We are the new Jews.. mi) Russia for Russians: Some irresponsible politicians want to achieve electoral success by creating nationalist waves., When they say Russia is for Russians, its a mistaken path that could lead to the break-up of the Russian Federation., Also in 2007, Alexander Belov, from the Movement Against Illegal Immigration, said: History is a fight between races and religions., Its the law of nature people are used to being with people like themselves, speaking the language their mothers taught them.. . . . [35][36], There are an estimated four million undocumented immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. The number of mosques dropped from 34,000 in the former Soviet Union before 1917 to 400 afterwards, Under Stalin, Muslim leaded were deported and sent to labor camps. Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com, Minorities - Muslims, Jews and Old Believers. According to a comprehensive survey conducted in 2012, Muslims were 6.5% of Russia's population. [57] In 2019, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 73.2 years (68.2 years for males and 78.0 years for females),[58] and it had a very low infant mortality rate (5 per 1,000 live births). In many of the following years, Russia had the highest total fertility rate in the world. Its Muslim population is expected to rise from 16.4 million in 2010 to 18.6 million in 2030. BY FOYASAL KHAN JAN 06, 2023 - DAILY SABAH This illustration shows the main events, especially in politics, sports and climate change, in the Muslim [23] The government of Russia paid Islamic scholars from the Ural-Volga area working among the Kazakhs[24], Islamic slavery did not have racial restrictions. [111] There are ten highly prestigious federal universities across the country. The annexation is internationally recognized only by North Korea. The Russian Criminal Code's article 'on the incitement of hatred or attacks on the dignity of a person, based on race, nationality, language or faith' can result in punishment in the form of . Encouraged by the Russian strategy of using the traditional Islamic structures and leaders against the Islamic extremists, there was a process of religious radicalisation in Chechnya and other Northern Caucasus regions. Police routinely stop people suspected as being from the Caucasus on the streets and extract a bride even when all their papers are in order. The UK Muslim population rose from 4.9 percent to 6.5 percent from 2011 to 2021. [Source: Library of Congress, July 1996 *]. Global Muslim Population A report by Pew Research claims there are 1.8 billion muslims in the world and that's set to rise to around 3 billion by 2060. *, In 1992 several Muslim associations withdrew from the Caucasus muftiate and attempted to establish their own spiritual boards. [25], The Cossack Hetmanate recruited and incorporated Muslim Mishar Tatars. In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics". In March 1999, Maskhadov closed down the Chechen parliament and introduced aspects of Sharia. The 2000 estimates appear to have undercounted Muslims in Cyprus, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Slovakia and Vietnam, while overcounting the number in Laos, Lesotho and Taiwan. "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050", "Arctic mosque stays open but Muslim numbers shrink", "RUSSIA 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT", All-Russia Population Census 2010 ( 2010), " : ", "Vladimir Putin says Muslim schools can help stop "destructive" ideas", "Why Russia is No Place to Be Charlie - Tablet Magazine", "The rise of Russian Muslims worries Orthodox Church", , , 2006, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate", "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of_Christian Muslim and Jewish Sources", "How Russia's steppe warriors took on Napoleon's armies", "Imamat-news.ru ", "History of Hajj in Russia from 18th to 21st century - IslamDag.info", "Window on Eurasia: Putin Says Orthodoxy 'Closer to Islam than Catholicism Is' - RISU", " , . Albania - 1.587.608 - 56% of total population Andorra - less than 1000 - 0.01% of total population Austria - 573.876 - 6.8% of total population Belarus - 19.000 - 0.2% of total population Belgium - 658.463 - 5.9% of total population Bosnia&Herzegovina - 1.790.454 - 50.7% of total population The Muslim Spiritual Authority is in the city of Ufa. [14] In 2020, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[15] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and about equal to the European average. Various estimates place the current Muslim population in Russia at between 14 million and, people, or between 10 to 14 percent of Russia's total, According to experts, Russias [Muslim] population will increase to 30 percent in a decade and a half,. For that reason, the Russian government has provided extensive military and political support to secular leaders of the five Central Asian republics, all of whom are publicly opposed to political Islam. Germany and the United Kingdom also have large muslim populations with 4.95 million and 4.13. Many Jordanian Muslims practice Sufism.. [68], Russia is a multinational state, with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. [11] Subsequently, the nation has an ageing population, with the median age of the country being 40.3 years. There was much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. [64] Smoking is another health issue in the country. Sat, 6 Aug 2005. updated Tue, 23 Dec 2008. 18111913 . Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. The percentage of Muslims is sizable in Assam (34.22%), West Bengal (27.01%), Kerala (26.56%), Uttar Pradesh (19.26%), and Bihar (16.87%). The meeting's pan-Islamic complexion created concern in Moscow about the possible spread of radical Islam into Russia from the new Muslim states along the periphery of the former Soviet Union. Harassment and attacks of people from the Caucasus increased after terrorist attacks involving Chechens.
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